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The 1882 map shows features as roads, railroads and stations, selected buildings, and more. It is clear that the Wall delineates the city even centuries after it was built.

The 1922 map shows similarly shows much of the roads and settlements. There is a clear divide in density within and outside the wall.

The 1922 map shows similarly shows much of the roads and settlements. There is a clear divide in density within and outside the wall.

2. The siege of Constantinople in 26 by the Avars and Persins depicted on the murals of the Moldovita Monstratery in Romania.

2. The siege of Constantinople in 26 by the Avars and Persins depicted on the murals of the Moldovita Monstratery in Romania.

The building strategies include restoring and rebuilding, but also transforming and enhancing.

This map shows the historical boundaries of the city. We can see how the city has from 1807 (mostly within the Theodosian Walls) to 1960 (almost the size of modern day Istanbul).

The siege of Constantinople in 1204 (Fourth Crusade) by Palma il Giovane.